Menu Windows

In the operating room windows system several types of menus are used.

1. Main menu (menu of the "Start" button) is shown in Fig.1. It is invoked by clicking on the "Start" button and its appearance depends on the user's settings. Its options:

§ Completion of work – completion of work, restart the computer, login with a different password

§ Execute - you can load for execution a program that is not in the "Programs" menu

§ Help & Support - you can get help on the Windows system

§ To find - allows you to find information on this computer or on the Internet

§ Customization - allows you to change the parameters of devices connected to this computer

§ Documents - opens a list of the last 15 documents opened on this computer under this password

§ Programs - opens a list of programs that are installed on this computer for downloading.

The rest of the menu options speak for themselves.

2. System menu (call - clicking on the window icon in the title bar (left figure in the blue window line)). Allows you to manage Windows windows using the keyboard (if the buttons in the upper right corner of the window are not visible (Minimize, Maximize, Close buttons)). Can be used if the mouse doesn't work for some reason.

3.
Command menu applications (in all application windows the menu bar). The number and content of the command menu options vary from program to program. For example, in a word processor program Word these are the options "file", "edit", "view", "insert", "format", "service", "table", "window", "help".

4. Object command menu (file_help_view_?). Shown in Figure 4 for the "My Computer" window

5. Pictographic menu ... You can also find other names: tool menu, tool menu. The tool menu essentially duplicates the command menu, but unlike it, it provides direct access to the corresponding option. When using the command menu, you would have to make a few clicks to get to the desired option.

6.Context menu (Fig. 6.) is always called by right-clicking. For each object context menu has a different look, therefore it is also called context-sensitive. This type of menu is probably the most used one. Almost all operations on objects can be done using the context menu.

7.Popup (swing) menu (fig. 7). It is called by clicking on the corresponding icon. Suboptions are selected in the same way as for other types of menus.

When installing or removing programs on a computer, or changing the composition of operating system components and some software packages, the appearance or disappearance of items in the Main Menu is inevitable. These changes to the Main Menu reflect the change in your ability to use your computer. Main menu setting will allow faster navigation among installed programs and applications.

On Windows, there are two main menu view: the actual Start Menu and the Classic Start Menu, which differ both in appearance and functionality.

The easiest way to add an item to the Main Menu is to drag the program or document icon onto the Start button. The created item will appear at the top level of the Main Menu above the dividing line that cuts off standard items from those added by the user. If you need to set some properties of a shortcut, it is more convenient to right-click on an empty space on the Taskbar and select Properties from the context menu that opens. You can also give the command Start - Control Panel - Taskbar and Start Menu. The Properties dialog box for Taskbar and Start Menu opens. Click the Start Menu tab, switch the radio hotspot to the Classic Start Menu, and click the Customize button. In the Customize Classic Start Menu dialog box that appears, click Add to launch the standard Create Shortcut wizard. The process of creating a shortcut will contain an additional step of selecting a folder in the Main Menu, into which the shortcut will be placed.

To remove an item from the Main Menu, the easiest way is to open this menu and right-click on the required item. In the context menu that opens, select Delete. Another way is to open the Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box, select the Classic Start Menu from the Start Menu tab, and then click the Customize buttons and then Uninstall. In the Delete Shortcuts and Folders dialog box, you must specify the item to delete.

Deleted main menu items, as well as other deleted files, are automatically placed in the Trash. By opening the Trash, you can undo the erroneous operation.

Since the Main Menu items are shortcuts, changing the property of the Main Menu item means changing the property of the corresponding shortcut. To view or change the properties of a shortcut located in the Start menu, right-click on the required item in the Start menu and select Properties in the shortcut menu that appears.

As with creating a folder, easy way Rename main menu item does not exist. To carry out this operation, it is necessary to resort to manual modification of the Main Menu: Start - Control Panel - Taskbar and Start Menu - Start Menu Tab - Classic Start Menu - Customize button, in the appeared Classic Start Menu Customization dialog box »Click the Manual button and in the Explorer window that appears, rename the desired item in the Main Menu.

Special main menu value is that it is available almost at any time, regardless of which programs are running and which documents are open. Numerous windows can close desktop objects and make it inconvenient to use folders, open documents and launch programs, while the Start button is always visible on the monitor screen. Navigation through the Main Menu items is performed by simply hovering the mouse pointer and then pressing the "Start" button.

The system includes:

Frequently used applications

Explorer organizing access to downloads, images, documents, and frequently used files

Options

Shutdown button

Access to all applications

5) the purpose of the "Programs" item of the "Start" menu

The Programs item of the Main Menu contains the basic tools necessary for working in the Windows system. The most important of these are programs and applications. The Programs section contains the most important programs, for example, windows explorer, MS-DOS session, etc., folders that contain programs grouped together for ease of access, and the Startup folder, designed to accommodate programs that should start automatically when windows startup... To start an application, you just need to select it and click the left mouse button.

6) Purpose of the item "documents" of the "start" menu

Provides the ability to quickly access a document that was opened recently, for example, yesterday or a few days ago. This item is located in the Start \\ Explorer \\ Documents menu

This opens the Documents folder - a standard place for storing edited documents. Thus, you can get quick access to those documents that currently cannot be directly opened using the Documents item.

7) Purpose of the "settings" item of the "Start" menu

The Main menu item Settings contains a list of Windows system components and devices, the settings of which can be changed. In this menu, you can change system settings, devices, network settings, change personalization and privacy settings, as well as settings account and updates and security.

8) Purpose of the "Find" item in the "Start" menu

You can call the item "find" by pressing the button in the form of a magnifying glass to the right of the button "Start". This item allows you to find required programs, files and documents or settings by title and keywords. Also, Windows 10 supports Internet search, which allows you to search for websites and items on the Internet.

9) Purpose of the "Help and Support" item in the "Start" menu

In Windows 10, this item has changed its name to "Getting Started" which can be called from the list of programs in the "Start" menu. It is designed to provide the user with information on various programs and operations in Windows 10. For more help, go to windows.microsoft.com \\ support on the Internet.

10) Purpose of the "Run" item of the "Start" menu

If you need to start a program that does not have an icon either on the Desktop or in the Main Menu items, then the Run Program dialog box is called on the Desktop, which is opened via the Main Menu by the Run command. The Run command allows you to launch any program and open any folder both on your computer and on any other computer on the network.

11) What is a file system?

The file system is the basic structure that represents the means of modifying, storing and organizing files.

Windows XP

Laboratory work No. 1

Operating environment "Microsoft Windows XP"

Objective: Learn basic operations and commands

in the Windows operating environment.

1 Launch, Desktop, Windows main menu

2 Basic operations with Windows objects

3 Typical windows windows

operating system Windows XP -it is a system for performing operations. She happens to be software tool for managing the operation of a personal computer (PC): allocating memory, setting parameters for operating modes, for searching, creating, copying, moving, deleting objects (files and folders), launching programs, viewing texts and other operations with files and folders (directories) on hard drive, flash-disk, floppy disk or other data carrier.

Main applications Windowsare Notepad, WordPad text editor, Paint graphic editor, Calculator program r, disk maintenance programs ScanDisk, Defrag, Disk cleanup, etc.

Operating environment Windows located in the catalog Windows disk FROM and is run by win.com file, so to run from DOS you need to enter the command C: \\ WINDOWS \\ system32 \\ win.com, and in the system Norton Commander (NC) need to open directory WINDOWS, in him - system32,find a file in it win.com and run it (press the key Enter). If you press the exit key in NC F10, then the computer automatically enters Wednesday Windows.

Windows XP desktop.When Windows starts, the Windows XP Desktop and Taskbar open (Figure 1). On the Windows XP desktop, there is one Recycle Bin folder (folders in Windows are called directories (directories)). Additionally, there can be folders and files on the table that are transferred to the Desktop (which is also a folder) by the user for ease of use.

Figure 1 Windows XP Desktop and Main Menu.

The picture (background) of the desktop may differ from that shown in fig. 1 and is installed by the PC user.

Task bar.At the bottom of the table is Task bar with button Start, the list of active tasks by the system panel. Button Startlaunches the Windows Main Menu, the list of active tasks contains icons open but minimized by the Minimize objects button (folders, files, applications, documents, etc.), the system bar (or notification area) includes the Ru-En alphabet switch and the clock. Between them there can be icons of antivirus, service and other programs, a printer during printing, etc. In fig. 1 in the Taskbar there are open and minimized file window-1 applications Microsoft Word and the LRWINDOW folder.

All folders, subfolders, files are highlighted single, and open double click leftmouse keys. On click right mouse keys on any object exits context menu with the commands associated with this object. The menu is called contextual, because its content (text) is associated with the place where the mouse was clicked - if you click on an empty space, the menu will display commands that can be performed with this place (Update, Properties, etc.), if you click on an object - a file or folder, then the menu will contain commands that can be performed with this object (Open, Copy, Rename, etc.).

Windows XP main menu.Button Start launches the Main Menu, which consists of three parts:

At the bottom of the menu - two buttons: Logout (which switches Windows OS to work with another user this computer - with its settings) and Shutdown, which prepares the computer for power off (stops the rotation of disks, retracts the magnetic heads to their original position, etc.). Sleep mode saves all open documents on the screen so that you can resume work from where you left off the next time you turn on your computer.

· The left part contains the items All programs, Internet, E-mail. Other elements are included in this part automatically, if they are often used by the user while working on the computer. The All Programs item contains a list of all programs loaded into the computer memory, the Internet and E-mail items are used to work in the global internet networks and with messages email.

· The right side contains the icons of the folders My Documents, My Pictures, My Music, My Computer, Control Panel and Programs Help and Support, Find, Run.

The arrow on the right means that this item has its own submenu.

The main menu does not contain the Documents item, which in previous versions of Windows 98, 2000, XP, ME, etc. displayed a list of the last 15 documents. You can enter it (under the title Recent Documents by right-clicking on the Start button and selecting Properties from the context menu, Start Menu tab, Customize … , Advanced tab, check the box Display the list of recently used documents.

Classic Main Menu.If the user is accustomed to working with the Main Menu form used in previous versions of Windows 98, 2000, XP, ME, etc., then it can also be called through the context menu of the button Start \ Properties, tab Start menu, put a point in a circle Classic Start Menu.

NON-GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT"

INSTITUTE OF LAW

CUSTOMS BUSINESS

Abstract on the discipline "Informatics"

"My computer: purpose and order of use. Main menu of Windows OS. Setting up your computer: order of work"

Performed:

1st full-time student

Lungu Nikoleta Nikolaevna

Bryansk 2014

Introduction

Chapter 1. My computer: purpose and order of use

Chapter 2. Windows OS Main Menu: Purpose of Items

Chapter 4. Computer Setup: Operation

Introduction

In my work, I will consider a large number of questions, topics and topics.

I will reveal the meaning of the "My Computer" folder. How to start it, whether this folder and the program "explorer" are similar. I will answer the question: "What does this folder contain?"

I'll tell you about the main menu of Windows OS, its assignment of items. In the same chapter, I'll talk about getting started with the Start menu, the search box, the right pane, and customizing the Start menu. These questions are very relevant because any person who works on a computer very often uses "Start" and this person does not necessarily have special knowledge. So this information is very useful and, at the same time, easily accessible. It is not necessary to read special reference books, it is enough to climb through the settings, properties and folders yourself.

Also in my work I will describe such computer operations as: loading, rebooting, and shutting down the operating system. I will tell you about several, known to me, methods of rebooting the operating system. I will go into detail about overloading the system and speeding up the completion of the robotic system. This method makes it possible to reduce the waiting time for the computer shutdown. In everyday life, every second is precious and valuable and this method, although not common, is very effective.

In the last chapter (I mean 4), I will try to cover a very difficult topic (it’s difficult, because you need special knowledge to understand or at least experience with a computer and its system). In my work, the question about Explorer has already been considered, but in this topic I will explain how you can change its parameters for your convenience.

It will be a little more difficult to explain about the optimization of Windows OS, about its IP address, setting up the worker. An easy to understand topic is creating icons, for me the easiest.

Finally, I will tell useful tips to improve the properties and settings of the computer for its owner, since this information will be the direction for creating your own, individual settings. Of course, they will not be able to globally change the properties and settings of the operating system, they will only change a few "default" settings

Chapter 1. My computer: purpose and order of use

The "My Computer" program is designed to access your computer disks. It opens the contents of the computer.) Purpose of the folder "My Computer".

The "My Computer" folder contains all computer resources and is designed to work with the computer through this folder. The default location for the "My Computer" folder is in the upper left corner of the desktop. Recently, the folder has been renamed "Computer".

To enter the folder you need: Move the mouse pointer over the My Computer folder icon.

II. Double-click the left mouse button on the icon .. A window corresponding to the "My Computer" folder will open.

Or is there a second option

From the menu displayed by pressing the Start button or pressing the Windows button on your keyboard.

File Manager, aka Explorer allows you to perform the most common operations on files - create, open / play / view, edit, move, rename, copy, delete, change attributes and properties, search for files and assign rights.

We double-click the LEFT mouse button on this icon - a window will open, which is called "My Computer". By the way, this window can also be opened using the keyboard shortcut Win + E. Win is a button on the keyboard with the Windows logo.) The contents of the "My Computer" folder.

The My Computer folder contains the following folders:

· Folders for each drive installed on the computer.

These can be folders for the following drives and drives:

Drive folder A: -a 3.5 "floppy disk (1" \u003d 2.54 cm).

Drive B folder: -a 5.25-inch floppy disk (recently, such disks are almost out of use, however, in a number of organizations they are still used, especially on older computers). May be absent.

C drive folder: -main (system) partition hard disk (hard drive). Typically, this contains the operating system installed on the computer. For example, the folder on the C: drive might contain a special Windows folder dedicated to the Windows 95/98 operating system.

The user can, at his discretion, allocate the entire hard disk under the main partition and not create any other working partitions on the hard disk. Then, starting with the letter D:, the rest of the computer's disk resources, such as laser drives, and so on, if any, will be written. However, we will still keep in mind that most often hDD is divided by the user into several independent sections. This reduces the degree of infection with viruses and damage to user information and makes it possible to allocate some partitions of the hard disk for an archive of programs, pictures and other files required by the user. Below we describe exactly this option, when 4 partitions are created on the hard disk.

Drive folder D: -the first working partition of the hard disk. Used at the discretion of the user. This can be the partition of the hard disk that the user usually works with in order not to boot the main system partition hard disk. All sites created by the user, all mailings received and created by him, as well as programs downloaded by him through the Internet, and other user documents and materials can be located here.

Drive folder E: -second working partition of the hard disk. Used at the discretion of the user. This can be a part of the hard drive set aside by the user to save music files in midi or mp3 formats, and so on. This may contain music programs such as Winamp 3 and other files the user needs.

Drive folder F: -the third working partition of the hard disk. Used at the discretion of the user. For example, archive files or other information necessary for the user may be stored here, which he does not consider necessary to destroy. For example, there can be games and everything for games and entertainment: humor, jokes, jokes, congratulations, toasts, fashion, makeup, hairstyles, psychology of communication, and so on other topics of interest to the user.

Drive folder G: -laser CD-ROM - Compact disk: Read only memory - read only memory. the disk is intended only for reading the data written on it. May be absent. However, in most cases it is installed on a computer as a very convenient resource that significantly expands the hard disk space.

Drive H folder: -laser compact disk type CD RW - Compact disk: Rewritable - disk for multiple rewriting of information. Due to the significant cost reduction, it has recently become a very popular storage medium for every user. Installs on most computers.

· "Arrange"

Organizing the contents of this folder

System properties allows you to go to a new window with information about this computer, such as processor speed or size random access memory

I will demonstrate the information of the computer on which I am performing this abstract

· Remove or change programs installed on this computer.

When pressed, you go to all programs that have ever been installed

· "Map network drive" Create a shortcut for shared folder or a computer on the network.

· "Open Control Panel"

Designed for configuring computer devices and performing the most important functions and actions on the computer. For example, this folder contains folders for computer devices such as keyboard, modems, sound, screen, joystick, mouse, and so on. In addition, there are folders for performing important actions, such as "Add or Remove Programs", "Accessibility for the disabled", "Language and Standards", "Date and Time", "Install Hardware" and so on.

Launching the Control Panel. The Control Panel icon is usually located in the Main program group of the File Manager, and to launch the Control Panel, double-click this icon as usual. The Control Panel window will appear on the screen.

The Control Panel window contains many icons, each of which corresponds to one of the sections of this program. To enter any of the sections, double-click its icon, and a dialog request corresponding to this section will appear on the screen.

You can change certain parameters in this request and click the OK button to set them. To exit without changes, press the Cancel Control Panel request button. Features of the Control Panel. Let's describe the main sections of the Control Panel and their purpose.

Color - sets the screen color used by Windows.

Fonts - install and remove fonts.

Ports - setting the characteristics of the COM1-COM4 communication ports.

operating system windows explorer

Mouse - Controls the speed of the mouse pointer and double-click recognition options.

Decoration - setting parameters windows screen (cursor blinking frequency, distance between icons, window border width, etc.).

Keyboard — specifies keyboard settings (character repeat rate, etc.).

Printers - install and remove printer drivers, set print options. - (Standards of date and time, monetary amounts, separators of integer and fractional parts of numbers, etc.

Date / Time - set the current date and time.

Network - manage the connection to the local network. - 386 Extended — set parameters specific to extended Windows mode (paging file modes, multitasking priorities, etc.).

Drivers — Install, remove, and configure drivers for additional devices (say, a sound card).

Sound) - control of sound signals generated by various events of Windows and Windows programs.

Chapter 2. Windows Main Menu: Purpose of Items

The Windows main menu is the main link with programs, folders and computer settings. It's called a menu because it contains a selection list, just like a restaurant menu. The "Windows Main Menu" will be referred to as "Start" hereinafter. And as the word "Start" implies, this menu is often the place to open or launch items.

Start Menu

· Launching programs;

· Opening the most frequently used folders;

· Search for files, folders and programs;

· Configuring computer parameters;

· Getting help on working with the Windows operating system;

· Shutdown of the computer;

· Logging out of a user session in Windows or switching to another user's account.

o Getting Started with the Start Menu

To open the Start menu, click the Start button in the lower left corner of your screen. Or press the Windows logo key on your keyboard.

The Start menu is divided into three main sections.

· The large panel on the left displays a short list of computer programs. This list may be changed by the computer manufacturer so that the way it is displayed varies greatly. By clicking a menu item All programscan be displayed full list installed programs (more on this later).

In the lower left corner there is a search field that allows you to search for programs and files on your computer using keywords.

· The right panel provides access to the most frequently used folders, files, parameters and key properties of the system. Here you can also log off a user session in Windows or turn off your computer.

o Search field

The search field is one of the most convenient ways search on the computer. The exact location of the objects does not matter — the search field searches for programs and all folders in the user's personal folder (which contains the Documents, Pictures, Music, Desktop, and other common folders libraries). It also searches email messages, saved instant messages, appointments, and contacts.

Start Menu Search Box

To use the search box, open the Start menu and start typing. It is optional to click inside the search field before typing. As you type, search results appear above the search box in the left pane of the Start menu.

The program, file, or folder will appear in the search results in the following cases.

· Any word in the title matches the entered search criterion or starts with it.

Any text of the file content - for example, text in text document - matches the entered search criteria or starts with it.

· Any word in a file property, such as the author's last name, matches or starts with the entered search criteria. (For more information on file properties, see Change file properties<#"785824.files/image004.gif">to clear the search results and return to the main program list. You can also click Show all results to search the entire computer.

In addition to programs, files, folders and contacts, searches are also performed in the browser's Favorites list and in the history of visited websites. If any of the web pages contain the search word, they will be displayed under the heading Files.

o Right panel

· Personal folder.Opens a private folder named after the current windows user... For example, if the current user is Aleksey Orekhov, the folder will be named Aleksey Orekhov. This folder, in turn, contains the user's personal files, including the My Documents, My Music, My Pictures, and My Videos folders.

· Documents.Opens a document library where you can access and open text files, spreadsheets, presentations, and other types of documents.

· Images.Opens an image library where you can access digital images and graphic files, and view them.

· Music.Opens the music library, where you can access and play music and other sound files.

· Games.Opens the Games folder, which is where you can access all the games on your computer.

· A computer.Opens a window that provides access to disks, cameras, printers, scanners and other equipment connected to the computer.

· Control Panel.Opens the control panel, which allows you to customize the appearance and functions of your computer, add and remove programs, install network connections and manage user accounts.

· Devices and printers.Opens a window that allows you to view information about the printer, mouse, and other devices installed on your computer.

· Default programs.Opens a window that allows you to select a program that the Windows operating system will use to perform actions, such as accessing the Internet.

· Help and support.Opens the Windows Help and Support Center, where you can find help information about using Windows and your computer.

At the bottom of the right pane is the Shut Down button. To turn off your computer, click the Shut Down button.

Click the arrow next to the Shut Down button to open a menu with additional featuressuch as switching users, logging out of a user session, restarting and shutting down the computer.

Click the Shut Down button to turn off your computer, or click the arrow for more options.

o Customizing the Start Menu

You can customize the display of items on the Start menu. For example, you can pin icons of frequently used programs to the Start menu for quick access, or remove programs from the list. In addition, you can hide or show some items in the right pane

Operating system files are stored in external, non-volatile memory (hard disk, floppy disk, or laser disk). However, programs can only run if they are in RAM, so the operating system files must be loaded into RAM.

The disk (hard, floppy, or laser) that contains the operating system files and from which it is loaded is called systemic.

After turning on the computer, the operating system is loaded from the system disk into RAM. The download must be performed according to the download program. However, in order for the computer to execute any program, this program must already be in RAM. The solution to this contradiction consists in sequential, phased loading of the operating system.

Computer self-test.The computer includes non-volatile read-only memory (ROM), which contains programs for testing the computer and the first stage of loading the operating system - this is BIOS (Basic Input / Output System).

After turning on the computer power or pressing the Reset button on system unit the computer or simultaneously pressing the key combination (Ctrl + Alt + Del) on the keyboard, the processor starts the POST (Power-ON Self Test) program of the computer. The operability of the processor, memory and other computer hardware is tested.

During testing, diagnostic messages may first be issued in the form of various sequences of short and long beeps (for example, 1 long and 3 short - no monitor is connected, 5 short - processor error, and so on). After successful initialization of the video card, brief diagnostic messages are displayed on the monitor screen.

Press the (Del) key to set the correct date and time, and to make changes to the hardware configuration of the computer during the self-test. The system utility BIOS Setup will be loaded, which has an interface in the form of a system of hierarchical menus. The user can set new parameters of the computer configuration and memorize them in a special memory chip, which, when the computer is turned off, is powered by a battery installed on the system board. In the event of a battery failure, configuration parameters are lost and the computer stops booting normally.

After carrying out the self-test, a special program contained in the BIOS begins to search for the operating system bootloader. There is an alternate access to the disks available in the computer (floppy, hard, CD-ROM) and a search at a certain place (in the first, so-called boot sector disk) availability special program Master Boot (boot loader of the operating system).

If the system disk and the loader program are in place, then it is loaded into RAM and control of the computer is transferred to it. The program searches for operating system files on the system disk and loads them into RAM as program modules (Fig.).

Figure: Operating system boot process

If there are no system drives in the computer, a message appears on the monitor screen " Non system disk ", and the computer freezes, that is, the operating system stops loading and the computer remains inoperative.

After the operating system has finished loading, control is transferred to the command processor. When using the command line interface, the system prompts you to enter commands. The prompt is a sequence of characters that indicate the current drive and directory. For example, if the operating system was loaded from the C: drive, and the operating system was installed in the WINDOWS directory, then the following prompt will appear:

: \\ WINDOWS\u003e

In the case of loading the graphical interface of the operating system, commands can be entered using the mouse.

You may need to reboot the operating system after installing some applications, after making changes to its configuration, as well as to free up RAM. Depending on the situation, you can restart the operating system different ways.

§ There are several ways to reboot the operating system.

Method 1

If the operating system is working fine, then it is better to use the most standard method to reboot it. Open the "Start" menu and at the very bottom of it click on the "Shutdown" button. A dialog box with three buttons will open - "Standby", "Shutdown" and "Restart". Click on the "Restart" button in order to restart the operating system.

IN Windows Vista and Windows 7, when you click the Shutdown button, the dialog box does not open, the restart command can be selected here from a special drop-down list.

Method 2 restarting the operating system is associated with the use of a special Windows tool called the Task Manager. The task manager is invoked by pressing the shortcut keys "Ctrl" + "Alt" + "Del". The task manager always opens on top of all active windows. With it, you can see the load of the operating system, running processes, as well as remove unresponsive tasks, thereby saving the operating system from the need to reboot. If you still need to reboot the system, then click on the "Shutdown" button in the upper part of the Task Manager window, and in the drop-down menu click on the "Restart" line.

Method 3 If the operating system freezes completely, it can only be rebooted using "radical methods". To do this, click on the Reset button, which is located on the case of the system unit. The computer shuts down for a second and then starts to boot. Please note that with this method of rebooting, the data that you did not manage to save will be permanently lost.

If you are using a laptop, you can restart by pressing and holding the power key for two seconds.

§ If you need not just reboot the operating system, but reboot the system.

Any operating system sooner or later comes to a state where it becomes difficult, inconvenient or even impossible to use a computer. Familiar programs stop running, or trusted tools unexpectedly quit. This can happen either through the fault of malware or because of careless user actions. The surest and most reliable way to fix these problems is to reinstall the operating system.

An operating system disc must be purchased (no matter which version you choose) and license key To her. Time-tested, older Windows XP is great for computers that aren't too powerful or new. A more modern, beautiful and in many ways more convenient system Windows 7 is perfect for powerful machines with enough memory, hard disk space and preferably a dual-core processor. Whichever version you choose, the main thing is that you have a disc and a product key.

2. Find drivers for your hardware, i.e. motherboard, video card, sound card or network adapter - if they are not built into system board... If you do not have software discs, simply download the drivers from the manufacturer's website. Save the drivers and all important data on a flash drive or write to another logical drive - this will be very useful after reinstallation.

Click the "Start" button and select "Restart". After the black and white test message appears on the screen at system startup, press the source select button to boot the system. Most often this is the F8 button, but some motherboard models use F10 or another key. This is exactly what is indicated in the instructions for your model or is written on the bottom line of the loading screen.

Select from the boot menu the item labeled CD-ROM or DVD-ROM with the name of your drive model. Insert the operating system installation disc and press Enter.

Specify an unformatted area as the installation location for the system. Confirm the creation and formatting of the new partition. Wait for the Windows file to format and load. After that, the computer will restart itself.

Wait 15 minutes to 1 hour for the system data to unpack and configure. Enter your computer information, personal information, account name and password if required. Also specify your time zone and preferred language when you start your computer when prompted to do so. After that, the computer will notify you that the installation is complete and will reboot.

Remove the installation disc from the drive, wait until the system is fully loaded. Insert a flash drive or driver disc and install.

Be sure to activate your copy of the operating system, otherwise it will stop working after 30 days. To activate, select an item in the "Start" menu called "Activation". The most convenient option is via the Internet. To do this, you need a key, also known as a product code. Enter the required information in the activation wizard and restart your computer after the process is complete.

v Shutting down the operating system

Typically, shutting down an operating system begins by pressing the Start button or on the keyboard.

If a person cannot find the Start button, he must press the key and without releasing it, the key ... Then release both keys. This action is equivalent to clicking the button

Start, which opens the Windows main menu (or Start menu).

In the menu that opens, click on the red Shutdown button

Click on the Start button in the lower left corner of the screen, in the lower right corner of the menu.

In doing so, you initiate the process of shutting down the operating system. A dialog box appears on the screen: Turn off computer

In the window that appears, click on the red (middle) Shutdown button again. If you forgot to save a file to disk, at this moment a message will appear on the screen asking you to save your work (we will talk about saving files in Chapter 10). If you haven't forgotten anything, the operating system will take the necessary steps when it finishes its work, and then the message The computer can be turned off appears on the screen.

Speeding up system shutdown

Surely, many users, upon finishing their work with Windows, came across a message that some application is still running and first you need to close it, and only then exit the OS again. A similar situation occurs when a program cannot correctly process the shutdown message sent to it by Windows, like all other running applications, when the OS stops working. It turns out that there is a parameter in the Registry whose value affects the behavior of Windows in a similar situation. To change it, start Registry Editor and go to the section

HKEY_CURRENT_USER \\ ControlPanel \\ Desktop. Create (if it doesn't exist) a new String parameter and name it AutoEndTasks. If you assign it the value "0" (and also in the absence of the AutoEndTasks parameter), then the termination of such applications will be passed on to the user, if "1" - then the OS will be notified of the forced closing of applications that are not able to quit on their own when "exiting" Windows ...

You should always remember that by changing the system registry you directly affect your OS. Therefore, you need to be extremely careful and attentive. If something from the above is not clear, then it makes no sense to apply it in practice! You should always be aware of what you are doing and for what!

Chapter 4. Computer Setup: Operation

Let's start with the fact that there will be no talk of banal computer settings.

MS Windows Explorer Settings.

It's not worth talking about the "service" explorer menu, this issue has already been mentioned earlier. But now we will talk a little about what can be done with the explorer without touching the "service" menu.

Change conductor

To make some changes in your conductor First you need to right-click on its shortcut, a context menu will appear. Then select the properties tab and left-click on it. A shortcut menu appears with two tabs, "general" and "shortcut". We need a "shortcut" tab, select it with the left mouse button. Here, in the "object" field, you can enter additional parameters for our explorer.

It's no secret that by default File Explorer opens in the Desktop \\ My Documents folder. But is it convenient? What if I want to see the C: \\ drive when I open it? What should I do? Move to the right folder every time? What if I want to go to the 5th level subdirectory when opening it? This is where the commands entered in the "object" field come in handy.

Below are the most commonly used commands.

All commands are entered separated by spaces and commas.

"/ e" - allows you to open two panels in a standard explorer window, the left directory tree and the right contents of the current directory, the left pane View all folders and the contents of the source folder. Without this parameter, only the contents of the source folder are opened.

/ select - Select the desired object in the parent folder.

"c: \\" - open one panel with a specific drive. Instead of "c: \\", you can specify any existing disk... You can also write the path to the specified folder or subdirectory. For example "c: \\ my documents \\ documents". It is easy to guess that you can combine the above commands, this is done separated by commas and spaces. For example "/ e, c: \\ my documents \\ documents".

"/ root" - prohibits moving through the explorer tree above the path specified after it. For example "/ root, c: \\" by entering this command, we will get an explorer window with one panel and a view of the drive c: \\, but we will not be able to get, for example, to drive a: \\, since it is not currently visible and there is no way to go to this drive. This command can also be combined with the "/ e" command, separated by commas.

Well, if everything is clear with the guide, then there is still a lot of things that I would like to look at and correct something. And it's not that Windows is a bad "axis". It's just difficult to create a system that will please everyone. But the head is given to us in order to learn about the world around us, including the PC. (purely the opinion of the author of the abstract)

Every time it boots, Windows polls the state of folders for storing temporary files, as well as loads fonts into RAM, plays a logo, allocates a dynamic IP address for TCP / IP and does a bunch of other unnecessary things. Some of these things can be successfully removed. And so let's get started.

Windows OS tuning and optimization.

IP address

I had to deal with this problem relatively recently on Either Express 100TX PnP adapters from Intel, when installed into the system, we had to wait about 5 minutes to load on a P2-450. For all that, the HDD did not work in principle. By setting a permanent IP address instead of a dynamically allocated one, the load time was reduced more than 5 times. It is done like this: the Control Panel opens, in it we go to the Network Properties, there we open the TCP / IP properties ( attention, I mean the settings of the LOCAL network, please do not ruin your Internet by prescribing the wrong IP addresses). And in the properties of the protocol, right on the first tab, we change the receipt of the IP address automatically to a permanent address of 4 digits. Example 169.254.0.1 for the first machine, 169.254.0.2 for the second machine, etc. Why are the first two digits like this? Because Microsoft considers the unwritten standard ( maybe written, but you yourself know, our attitude to what they wrote), what in local networks IP addresses start with these two digits.

Desktop settings

The first problem is that many people like to make drawings for themselves on the desktop. And completely in vain, this they pretty decently reduce the performance of the system in some moments, as well as spend precious RAM. An example of a decrease in performance has been repeatedly observed among those who like to sit in Photoshop, when they created pictures that are smaller or even more terribly larger than the desktop resolution, and after that the "Stretch" parameter was set in the background settings

But, in addition, an elementary background at 1024 by 768 pixels occupies more than 2 megabytes of RAM, which, let's say, is quite significant with less than 128MB of memory. In addition, if you really want to hang a picture on the background, then wouldn't it be better to try to optimize it using Photoshop up to 256 colors, with dithering enabled. Even some of the photos look pretty good. For a practical example, you can look at the recommendations \\ settings Detonator ..., there is a photo of a hare at 256 and 16M colors. It looks almost identical. But the memory takes up a completely different amount.

The second problem is that our beloved corporation is fond of design, and sometimes it brings this fad to a marasmic value. An example is the continuous animation of Windows98, all these sliding menus, rolling windows, etc. You yourself understand that it is much easier to display an instantly appeared window than the same one, but leaving an empty space, and, accordingly, much less resources are required for this. And, besides, all sorts of beauty and animation greatly increase the instability of the system. Disabling is also simple - you need to go into the Screen Properties (through the control panel or simply by calling the desktop properties), go there, into the section where all the beautiful things are configured (in the English version - Effects), and turn off the animation output there. By the way, if font smearing is enabled there, you can also disable it at the same time, it will be faster.

Creation of icons.

Well, this is advice from the field of beauty, it has nothing to do with system optimization. Everyone has probably seen how, when installing a compact with a toy, the CD icon changed to the toy icon, and many know how this was done. And if anyone does not know, I will tell you. It's all about the AUTORUN file. INF, which lies at the root of the CD. He's something like this:

Icon \u003d icon. ico

And no one thought what would happen if such files were copied to a screw? It turns out that the hard disk icon (HDD) will change. And the editors of icons on the Internet, like Quakers, are not cut. So you can decorate "your computer" well

Optimization OptimizationMsdos. sys

The Msdos. sys, which has the attributes hidden, system, and read-only, is located in the root directory of the boot disk. To get started with it. you need to remove these attributes using any modern file manager, for example, the same explorer.

All changes to the file are made by any text editor, such as notepad or wordpad.

Parameters with a small description: \u003d path

where path is the location of the windows directory, for example C: \\ Windows. Thanks to this, it is possible, without any additional utilities, to keep on the screw several copies of Windows, previously installed in different directories. Just when you need to run a different version, just go to the file and fix the path. But just do not think that it is enough to RIP Windows into different folders and indicate the path to them, and everything will be OK. After all, information about the path to system files is not stored in this file, and errors may occur (and most likely will occur) during boot. \u003d Path is the same, only about where Windows is booted from. \u003d Disk_without_colon is the disk from which Windows is loaded. \u003d path - the location where the installer put the files to uninstall. In principle, most people do not need this ... \u003d 1 (or 0) - makes it possible to save the old DOS, while pressing F4 will load DOS. It used to be scary glitchy, now I don't know. In principle, it is not necessary at all, almost all old programs can be fooled by the SETVER program, which comes with the DOS kernel of Windows. \u003d 1 (or 0) - immediately after processing AUTOEXEC and CONFIG, it allows you to start loading Windows. You can remove and make multi-boot for old DOS applications or whatever. If you need to go to Windows after that, just type WIN or write it in AUTOEXEC. BAT \u003d 1 (or 0) - sets double buffering for some SCSI devices. In this case, doublebuff is loaded every time. sys driver. There is memory, if there is no SCSI, then it does not need to be turned on. \u003d X (where x is 0, 1 or 2) - it is responsible for how the system will behave if the system has shut down before that, i.e. whether the file system will be checked and how.

AutoScan \u003d 0 - despite the abnormal termination, the file system will not be scanned. Suitable only for users who understand and carry out autoscan themselves or there is another system for checking the file system. By the way, it is very useful for users of the Russian version of W95OSR2 - there is scandisc. exe has an error and often crashes the system when checking. \u003d 1 - the default parameter - the file system will be checked after the previous abnormal shutdown, but will warn about it. \u003d 2 - the file system after the abnormal termination will be checked without asking for permission - it is advisable to set it to ALL users who do not understand Win9x and therefore do not know themselves what a file system check is and why it is necessary.

If you do not plan to use DoubleSpace, then it is better to set \u003d 0DrvSpace \u003d 0

Below is a list of parameters and their values \u200b\u200bthat will increase the download speed.

BootDelay \u003d 0 (specifies the delay time after issuing the Starting Windows message. Not supported in Windows 98).

DisableLog \u003d l (tells you not to create a boot log).

Logo \u003d 0 (indicates that you do not need to display the Windows logo). But you can also do the opposite, make your own logo. To do this, you just need to create a picture with a resolution of 320 by 400 pixels with 8 bit color (256 colors), save it in BMP format and write it to the root directory of the boot disk under the name LOGO. SYS, and if MSDOS. SYS, it is not specified that the logo should not be displayed during boot, then after rebooting the system you will see your picture. In the same way, you can create logos for "Preparing the computer for power off" (the logow. Sys file in the folder where Windows is installed) and "You can now turn off your computer" (the logos. Sys file in the same folder). If you do not have any graphics editor other than PAINT (supplied with Windows), then it is easier to create a picture not to bother with changing its size, but to open these files (logos or logow.sys) and just fix them. By the way, they do not open with the standard "Open." Option, but "Open as." indicating the file type - BMP.

Network \u003d 0 (1) (indicates the absence or presence of a network - speeds up the boot process).

SystemReg \u003d 0 (indicates that the Registry is not scanned at boot). Dblrace \u003d O (warns that no compression system is used).

OptimizationConfig. sys andAutoexec. bat

Config. sys

To change these files, do the same operation with them as with the msdos file. sys.

Here are some parameters and their values \u200b\u200bthat affect system performance.

SWTTCHES \u003d / F (indicates a skip when loading a pause of 2 seconds).

ACCDATE \u003d С - F - (used to set in the naming system of disk drives that do not use work with the dates of the last access to files: this somewhat improves the performance of file operations, but complicates the functioning of individual programs for sorting files on the disk by dates of the last access).

DEVICE \u003d C: \\ WINDOWS \\ HIMEM. SYS / TESTMEM: OFF / Q (the TESTMEM: OFF parameter disables memory testing during boot, and the / Q parameter does not allow displaying messages about the boot progress).

DEVICE \u003d C: \\ WINDOWS EMM386. EXE RAM A \u003d 64 H \u003d 128 D \u003d 256 AUTO NOTR (the NOTR parameter tells the EMM386 driver not to search for the Token Ring Network adapter; D \u003d 256 sets the direct buffer size with memory to 256 KB);

BUFFERSHIGH \u003d 65.0 / x (additional caching is required, since working with a FAT32 drive in DOS is noticeably slower than in Windows).

Windows will run slightly faster if you type in CONFIG. SYS line STACKS \u003d 0,0 (old thing, needed for compatibility.)

Autoexec. bat

It also opens with any text editor.

The main commands in this file provide DOS support for the Russian language and start drivers various devices... This line tells applications where to put temporary files:

SET TEMP \u003d d: \\ temp

Please note that it is advisable to organize such a place not on boot diskotherwise, after failures, lost clusters may appear.

Optimizing standard tools

As a rule, in this case, it is recommended to set the minimum paging file size and defragment the hard disk, as well as enable the DMA option for hard drives, CD-ROM drives. DVD-ROM and CD-RW. The paging file size is determined by the size of your hard drive and its performance. And although when you try to change the size of the paging file, Mrs. Windows will swear and try to reason with you, do not give in, she, like a child, simply does not like when her toys are touched. For disks with a size of at least 1000 mV, it makes sense to set the minimum paging file size equal to 200 mV, the upper limit can be omitted, or it can be made 3-4 times larger than the lower one.

OptimizationSystem. ini

This file is located in the Windows directory. Modified also with a text editor.

In the section you need to make the following settings:

PageBuffers \u003d 32 (to improve the speed of working with a constant size paging file).

ConservativeSwapfileUsage \u003d l (to prevent Windows 98 / Me from using the swap file unnecessarily).

Cache Windows workit is rather peculiar. At first, it completely gets littered, after which it begins to free up RAM for itself, dumping working applications into the paging file. This significantly slows down their performance, especially on systems with less than 128MB of RAM. You can put up with this somehow only if you have about half a gigabyte of memory, but if less, then the problem seems to be quite serious. The solution is quite simple - SYSTEM opens. INI through the System Editor, a section is added there, in which 2 parameters are written - CacheMinSize and CacheMaxSize (respectively, the minimum and maximum cache size), with a different amount of RAM, the recommended cache size is different. An approximate calculation is given below. And you can also download the Cacha Manager utility from the arRIVAl server, and do not write anything by hand. You can also use the Cashemen 3.60 program.

For those with 32 MB RAM:

MinFileCache \u003d 2048MaxFileCache \u003d 6144

For those with 48 MB RAM:

MinFileCache \u003d 2048MaxFileCache \u003d 8192

For those with 64 MB RAM:

MinFileCache \u003d 2048MaxFileCache \u003d 10240

For those with 128 MB RAM:

MinFileCache \u003d 4096MaxFileCache \u003d 16384

The following can be said about the paging file: Windows makes it dynamic by default, that is, it constantly changes its size. And this is not good, since in most cases the hard disk is fragmented, which is not a parameter that accelerates work. In this regard, the advice is to make the swap file permanent, and then if you defragmented the disk before, then your swap file will never become fragmented again. And as for the size, I can say so - about 200MB, you can do more if you don't mind the space.

The second measure - it is desirable to move it to the very beginning of the disk using optimizers such as NU4, Nuts & Bolts, and the best option is to place it on the second screw under the same conditions.

Optimizing the Registry

The registry is the central MS Windows database that stores configuration information. It consists of 6 main sections, but in principle, it is not necessary to study all of them, although it is useful. And if such a desire suddenly arises, then there is a sufficient amount of literature on this topic. For us now, one thing is important with the help of the registry, it is possible and necessary to make Windows work faster and better.

You can edit the registry using a special registry editor. It starts simply, from the start menu with the "execute" command. In the opened command line, you need to type the command "regedit". Or find in windows folder the regedit file. exe and run it. There are also programs that allow you to optimize the registry automatically. Personally, I don't trust them, although many people use them. But, in my opinion, it is always better to know for sure what and where you are changing. Than then to be lost in conjectures why it was suddenly applications began to freeze, and the car was loaded for three minutes instead of the prescribed 40 seconds. It should also be borne in mind that all changes made to the registry will work only after restarting your PC.

CPU Priority Management

ForWindows 9 x/ Me. More efficient use of the CPU can be achieved with task priority management. Any work windows applications depends on the CPUPriority parameter. For example, if you set CPUPriority \u003d 0, all active applications will receive additional CPU cycles (real-time priority).

CPUPriority \u003d l - all loaded applications (active and background) get slightly more CPU cycles than loaded ones (Win32 TSRs / DLL / Runtimes / APIs);

CPUPriority \u003d 2 - all loaded applications (active and background) get much more CPU cycles than loaded ones (Win32 TSRs / DLL / Runtimes / APIs);

CPUPriority \u003d 3 - All applications, as well as TSRs / DLL / Runtimes / APIs share the same CPU cycles (this value is set by default).

So, start Regedit Registry Editor. Next, open the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \\ System \\ CurrentControlSet \\ Services \\ VxD \\ BIOS section. In the right pane, create a new DWORD value, name CPUPriority and set its value by double-clicking it.

There are several other parameters that affect the distribution of priorities. Therefore, in the same place where CPUPriority was organized (HKEY_ LOCAL_MACHINE \\ System \\ CurrentControlSet \\ Services \\ VxD \\ BIOS), create three more DWORD parameters and assign values \u200b\u200bto them:

PCIConcur \u003d 1 (allowed).

FastDRAM \u003d 1 (allowed).

AGPConcur \u003d 1 (enabled) - when an AGP card is installed.

For Windows 9x / Me / NT4-5.FROM using the Priority Control parameter, you can control the redistribution of priorities between active and background tasks Run Regedit Registry Editor go to

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \\ System \\ CurrentControlSet \\ Control \\ PriorityControl. (If there is no PriorityControl section, create it: right-click on the Control section, select New * Section and give it a name.) In the right pane, organize the DWORD parameter - Win32Prio-ritySeparation - and give it one of the following values:

О - active and background tasks have the same priority;

The priority of active applications is higher than that of background ones;

Active applications have much higher priority than background applications.

Z remembering files and directories

When working with files in a Windows environment, the OS retains their names and locations. If you choose from the list "Typical role of this computer" ("Control Panel System" Performance "File system" Hard drives") the appropriate mode (pattern) of work, you can specify the number of directories and names that you need to remember - see the table

Create your own template / work mode

Launch Registry Editor and go to HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE \\ SOFTWARE \\ Microsoft \\ Windows \\ CurrentVersion \\ FSTemplates \\. Create a new section by right-clicking on FS Templates and giving it any name like The Best or For Quake. Now let's move on to this new template by clicking on its name. It is recommended to assign the name of the received template to the first parameter of the right panel "Default value". Right-click in the right pane and select Binary Parameter to create NameCache and PathCache parameters for caching names and paths. If, for example, you need to memorize 1024 names and 64 directories, which in hexadecimal system will be 400h and 40h, respectively, then taking into account the reverse order of storage of bytes, you get

NameCache \u003d 00 04 00 00

PathCache \u003d 40 00 00 00

Now enter these parameters with their values \u200b\u200bin the NKEU_ LOCAL_MACHINE \\ System \\ Currem ControlSet \\ control \\ FileSystem \\ section.

Useful Tips

Quick launch applications

Windows Me lets you configure your system to launch applications faster. To do this, reformat the hard drive under file system FAT32 and launch the Maintenance Wizard from the Utilities menu. This wizard allows you to schedule regular disk defragmentation sessions that automatically adjust when the applications start. ( To be honest, I myself have never used this wizard, I start all the utilities manually. Not because, but just a habit.)

Intensive system maintenance

The most intensive maintenance mode involves running three tasks daily (Disk Cleanup, ScanDisk, and Disk Defragmenter) at night, with half-hour intervals in between. In this case, ScanDisk must work in automatic error correction mode. With this approach, the system will be one hundred percent ready every morning. ( Honestly, this is the promise of the guys from Microsoft, I would not believe him too much, the need for defragmentation arises about once every 2 weeks and then if you work intensively enough on the computer).

Configuration details

Quite often, a situation arises when you need to know the configuration of your computer. Follow these steps to print the system configuration information.

Click the Start button, select Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and System Information.

From the File menu, choose the Print command. ( get a bundle of about 20-30 sheets)

There are also programs that allow you to get information about the system in a more compact form. For example "complekt.exe" is a very nice and useful thing especially when taking inventory. You can take only 397 kilobytes from Freesoft.ru. Produces a text file with all basic parameters.

Utilities

To run the cleaning program for this disk, click the

Disk Cleanup.

To run the programs for checking, archiving and defragmenting the disk, go to the "Service" tab.

Screen resolution

To quickly change the screen resolution ( well, if someone still can't)for various programs, follow these steps.

Right-click an empty area of \u200b\u200bthe desktop and choose Properties.

Click on the "Settings" tab.

In the Screen Area group, select desired resolutionby dragging the slider. If your screen resolution changes frequently, follow these steps to quickly display the Settings tab.

On the Settings tab, click the Advanced button.

On the General tab, select the Display the customization icon on the taskbar check box.

To open the "Settings" tab, double-click the corresponding icon in the taskbar.

Restarting the taskbar

To restart the taskbar (for example, after changing a registry key), press CTRL + ALT + DEL, select Explorer, and then click End Task. The taskbar will close and reopen.

Quick access to system properties

To view the system properties, right-click the My Computer icon and select Properties. If your keyboard has a Windows button, press WINDOWS + BREAK.

Launch Windows applications from the command line

To start an application for Windows from the command line, you just need to enter the program name and the required parameters into it. For example, to run text editor Type notepad on the command line notepad and press ENTER. Windows applications can also be launched from batch files. Start command allows you to start a program or open required document... For example: C:\u003e start calc. exe.