Asus nexus 7 official firmware.

In the archive:

  • usb_driver
  • adb_fastboot_files_for_4.2.2.zip
  • adb-toolkit.exe
  • cm-10.1.3-grouper.zip - Modified firmware CyanogenMod 10.1.3 stable version
  • fastboot-toolkit.exe
  • gapps-jb-20130813-signed.zip - Google play for CyanogenMod 10.1.3 firmware (installed from Recovery)
  • nakasi-krt16s.tgz
  • recovery-clockwork-touch-6.0.4.3-grouper.img
  • UniversalAdbDriverSetup6.msi
  • update.zip

Instructions:

1. Download and unzip the archive into a folder on the C: drive (for example C: \\ nexus \\):

3. Turn the Nexus7 off and on again with the volume down button held down:

4. connect to the computer and wait for the drivers to be installed.

5. Check the visibility of the device with the command fastboot-toolkit devices

If output serial number tablet, let's move on. If nothing is displayed, then the computer does not see the tablet. Try reinstalling the drivers, plugging into a different USB port, and / or using a different USB cable.

Attention: the operation of unlocking the bootloader leads to a complete erasure of data on both "internal" and "external memory"!

We confirm our actions by agreeing with the volume / power buttons. The next time you reboot, you will see the "ajar lock" symbol at the bottom of the screen, then it's done: the boot is unlocked.

7. Install custom fastboot-toolkit recovery flash recovery recovery-clockwork-touch-6.0.4.3-grouper.img

8. Flash the official firmware nakasi-krt16s.tgz with the fastboot-toolkit update command

Installing third-party firmware / modified.
(if you have unlocked boot and custom recovery installed)

Boot into Recovery (on the switched off device, hold down Volume Down + Power, in the bootloader "e, use the volume buttons to select the recovery item and confirm your choice with the power key).

  • Management in CWM Recovery is carried out with the buttons:
  • Volume Up \u003d up
  • Volume Down \u003d down
  • Power \u003d Enter
  • If CWM Recovery touch is installed, then control is carried out by clicking on the corresponding menu item.

3. Just in case, do a backup (backup and restore -\u003e Backup)
4. Make wipe ( ATTENTION! This will delete some data on your phone.)

What wipe to do?

  • when updating the firmware version to a newer one or changing the kernel, it is enough to make wipe cache and wipe dalvik cache (for example, when updating the MIUI 2.8.17 JB firmware to MIUI 2.8.24 JB), but it is not always required.
  • when switching from one custom firmware to another or from a stock firmware to a custom one, you need to make a full wipe (for example, when switching from CM9 firmware to MIUI 2.8.24 JB or from MIUI v2.3.x GB to MIUI 2.8.24 JB):
    - wipe data / factory reset
    - wipe cache partition
    - wipe dalvik cache (advanced menu)

5. In the main menu, select "install zip from sdcard"
6. Then "choose zip from sdcard" and look for the firmware file. Launch with the Power button.
7. In the same way (install zip from sdcard -\u003e choose zip from sdcard -\u003e select the required archive -\u003e press Power) install the kernel / radio module / modifications and any other zip archives

NOTE:
1. If the installed firmware does not work correctly for you, reboot into Recovery (volume down + power button), make all three types of wipes (wipe data, wipe cache and wipe dalvik cache) and flash again.


Before you detailed step-by-step instruction on how to flash an ASUS Nexus 7 tablet. Our editors chose the most suitable method for flashing this ASUS model. If this instruction does not give any result try flashing with another method: TWRP Recovery, ROM Manager, Fastboot or classic OTA.

Warning! After flashing the device, all your data from the internal memory will be erased, so to save your contacts, settings and applications, first save all data from the tablet.

Installing the system using CWM Recovery 1. Charge the flashing tablet at least 80%. 2. We save all data that cannot be lost from a flash drive, sim card and tablet memory. Simka (if any) can be pulled out. 3. We place the required firmware to the tablet memory. The firmware file must be in archive format zip... You can select and download the firmware. 4. For everyone aSUS tablets costs Recovery from the manufacturer, so we change it to ClockWorkMod Recovery. We do it according to the following instructions: Install the app from Google Play on your tablet. Miss it and provide Root rights... If there is no rutrav on the tablet, we get them by. In the list of options, select "CWM Recovery". Then the application will show a list of available Recovery. In the example, Rashr showed 2 options: ClockworkMod with support for taps on the screen and the classic version (controlled by the volume and power buttons). You will be prompted to download. Click Yes. Then the download of the CWM Recovery image for the tablet will begin. A notification will appear that the firmware was successful and now you have a modified recovery installed. We immediately go into it, for this click "Yes". Done. If you already have ClockworkMod Recovery installed, then just enter it by holding any of the combinations for 3-5 seconds: - Volume up + power button - Volume down + power button - Volume up / down + power button + "Home" - Volume up + volume down + power button 5. Movement in the Recovery menu is carried out using the volume buttons, and the selection is confirmed with the power button. Before installing the firmware, you must first do a factory reset. Therefore, select the item in the menu wipe data / factory reset.
6. Next, just confirm that you agree to reset: Yes - Wipe all user data.
7. Now in the main menu of Recovery select install zip.
8. Then select Choose zip from / sdcard.
9. Navigate to the folder where you saved the firmware zip file and select it.
10. A confirmation prompt will appear. Please select Yes - Install ....
11. The process of installing the firmware will begin and at the end the message will appear Install from sdcard complete. The firmware is complete. We return to the main menu of CWM Recovery and reboot the tablet. For this we choose reboot system now.
12. Done. The tablet will start loading with the already installed firmware. Other materials

Sometimes there comes such a turning point when the firmware gets bored and you want to sit on the "good old stock". This manual is also suitable for people who have any technical problems and need to return the device under warranty.

Instructions for installing stock firmware on Nexus 7 (2013) Wi-Fi

All your data will be deleted. If you want to save important information, I recommend making a backup. Everything that you do, you do at your own peril and risk. The author is not responsible for the "scabbling" of your device.

This manual is only suitable for the Wi-Fi version of the device! When flashing an LTE version, you must use a different firmware file. The file with the firmware for the LTE version is

Training

  • Download the drivers, if they are not installed, then install them according to the instructions.
  • Download ADB and Fastboot depending on the bitness of the OS:,. We unpack the archive into any folder. It is necessary that there are no Russian letters and numbers on the way. I unpacked my folder to d: \\ ADB
  • Download the firmware file

Installation


Now we enter the line:

  • flash-all.bat

We are waiting for the end of the firmware

If the tablet is frozen in perpetual loading

  1. Turn off the smartphone by holding down the Power button for 10 seconds
  2. Press the Power + "Volume -" button, fastboot starts
  3. We go into Recovery Mode
  4. We see an android with an exclamation mark, hold down the Power button and the volume "-"
  5. We select wipe data / factory reset, confirm the choice.
  6. And now we reboot the smartphone using the reboot system now item
  7. Enjoying stock firmware

If you are going to return the tablet under warranty, then you need to load the Bootloader. To do this, you need to put your device in fastboot mode and write the command “fastboot oem lock“ in the address bar.

The Nexus 7 is a fairly popular tablet model from Google that has won users over with its combination of good display and optimal performance. The device is noteworthy in that it can easily be flashed to a custom version software or return the official Android system.

Google Nexus 7 is a very popular tablet model that users love for its affordability, performance and stability.

The process of flashing itself is simple, logical and consistent, so every user can easily understand it. Let's take a look at how the Nexus 7 firmware changes correctly, what is needed for this and what mandatory steps are required to work properly with the tablet.

Preparing for firmware

We will divide the Nexus 7 into two stages - preparation, that is, installing the required software on the tablet, and, in fact, the steps to load a new shell.

Before installing a new system on your device, you need the following:

  1. Install tablet drivers.
  2. Unlock the bootloader to be able to flash the device.
  3. allowing you to interfere with system processes.
  4. Download recovery menuthrough which the new software is installed.

To install the drivers, follow these steps:

  • Go to the gadget settings and in the "For Developers" section activate the USB debugging function. If you suddenly do not have such a line, go to the "About tablet" menu and click 7-8 times in a row on the "Build number" line until the message "You are now a developer!" Appears.
  • Another section "About the tablet" is needed to see the build number of the model. Write it down as it will come in handy.
  • Download the Nexus Root Toolkit from the network, since flashing the device is impossible without it.
  • Unpack and run the program, select "Full Drive Installation Drive - Automatic + Manual" from the menu.
  • Next, click "Automatic Driver Configuration" for the seventh version of the system
  • If you are using another one or the drivers have not been installed on your own, you need to download them manually as follows:
    • Go to the PC device manager, find the tablet there.
    • In the context menu, click on update drivers.
    • Specify the path to the files: you should find the data / drivers folder, which is located in the section root programs Toolkit.

Now you need to unlock the bootloader on the Nexus 7. To do this, you need to do the following:

  • In the main menu of the same Root Toolkit, click on Change, specify the build number of the model that you wrote down earlier.
  • Next, select Unlock, and when the tablet screen asks if you want to unlock it, agree to that.
  • After that, the device can restart several times, and then again show the initial setup menu. Re-enable USB debugging here.
  • When the unlocking starts, click OK in the program on your computer.

Note. If you need to take your tablet to service center, but you do not want them to know about your actions with the firmware, because because of this you will lose the warranty, you need not only to install the original version of the system, but also to lock the bootloader back. You can do this in the same Root Toolkit.

Let's move on to the third task - obtaining administrator rights. To activate them, in the Root Toolkit you need to click on "Root", but first it is advisable to determine which one you will install on the device.

If you are going to use Clockworkmod, check the "Permanent CWM" option. But we advise you to use another program called TWRP - it is considered more convenient and understandable to use. In this case, the "Do not flash ..." option should be checked.

After selecting, press the Root key itself to reboot the device, after which you will receive administrator rights. If you decide to use the TWRP menu, install this application, after which the preparatory work before the firmware can be considered completed.

By the way, a similar menu, Clockworkmod or TWRP, is also used to create backup copies of system data, clear it from the cache and other information, in general, it is quite multifunctional and useful in future use.

Nexus 7 firmware or flashing

How do I flash the Nexus 7? Let's go directly to installing a new system, for which we will do the following:

  1. You need to select a new firmware. There are many of them, and different versions of the software can be found on many resources. global network on the world wide web, they are in archive format.
  2. After downloading, you should dump the archives on the Nexus 7 to a folder convenient for you.
  3. Now you need to go to the Recovery menu - it is advisable to turn off the device, simultaneously hold down the power key and volume up for 10-15 seconds.
  4. Next, you need to select Recovery Mode from the menu (navigation is carried out with the volume keys).
  5. You must reset all device data - for this you need to select "wipe", then "factory reset".
  6. After cleaning the gadget, it is advisable to return to the menu and find the Install line.
  7. Now you just need to specify the path to the firmware file and select it, after which it will be installed.
  8. If the firmware contains additional documents, you can install them after the main archive file.
  9. Next, you need to restart the Nexus

Note that switching on may take a little longer - this is a normal process, because the tablet is using the new system for the first time.

Android devices from the renowned NEXUS family are renowned for their reliability and long lifespan thanks to technical components high Quality and a well-developed software part of the devices. This article will focus on the system software of the first tablet computer of the Nexus series, developed by Google in cooperation with ASUS, in the most functional modification - Google Nexus 7 3G (2012). Let's consider the possibilities of flashing this popular device, which is very effective in performing many tasks today.

After reading the recommendations from the proposed material, you can acquire knowledge that will allow you not only to reinstall the official Android on the tablet, but also to completely transform the software part of the device and even give it a second life, using modified (custom) Android options with extended functionality.

Despite the fact that the tools and methods for manipulating with internal memory devices have been repeatedly used in practice, in general, have proven their effectiveness and relative safety, before proceeding to the implementation of instructions, it is necessary to take into account:

Intervention in the system software of the Android device carries a potential risk of damage and is carried out by the user at his own discretion after taking full responsibility for any results of manipulations, including negative ones!

As already mentioned above, the methodology of methods that, as a result of their implementation, assume the implementation of the Nexus 7 firmware, has been worked out almost completely due to the widespread use of the device and its long service life. This means that following the proven instructions, you can reflash the tablet pretty quickly and practically without problems. But any process is preceded by preparation and its full implementation is very important for achieving a positive result.

Drivers and utilities

For serious intervention in the system sections of the device's memory, a PC or laptop is used as a tool, and direct actions to reinstall the software on an Android device are performed using specialized utilities.

As for the software for Nexus 7 firmware, here for most of the operations, the main tools are the console utilities ADB and Fastboot. You can familiarize yourself with the purpose and capabilities of these tools in the review articles on our website, and working through them in various situations is described in other materials available through the search. Initially, it is recommended to study the capabilities of Fastboot, and only then proceed to following the instructions from this article.

Of course, to ensure the interaction of the firmware tools and the tablet itself, specialized drivers must be installed in Windows OS.

Installing drivers and console utilities

For a user who decides to flash the Nexus 7 3G, there is a wonderful package, using which you can simultaneously get the installed utilities for manipulating the device, as well as a driver for connecting it in the software download mode - "15 seconds ADB Installer"... You can download the solution from the link:

In order to avoid problems during the operation of the autoinstaller and later when flashing the tablet, we disable the check before installing ADB, Fastboot and system components digital signature drivers.

  1. Run the installer, that is, open the file "Adb-setup-1.4.3.exe"obtained from the link above.

  2. In the console window that opens, confirm the need to install ADB and Fastboot by pressing on the keyboard "Y", and then "Enter".

  3. In the same way as in the previous step, we confirm the request "Install ADB system-wide?".

  4. Almost instantly required files ADB and Fastboot will be copied to hDD PC.

  5. We confirm the desire to install the driver.

  6. We follow the instructions of the running installer.

    In fact, you need to press the only button - "Further", the installer will perform the rest of the actions automatically.

  7. Upon completion of the work of the tool, we get a PC operating system completely ready for manipulating the considered model of the Android device.

    ADB and Fastboot components are located in the directory "Adb"created by the proposed installer at the root of the disk FROM:.

    The procedure for checking the correctness of the installation of drivers is described below in the description of the operating modes of the device.

Multifunctional software package NRT

In addition to ADB and Fastboot, all owners of Nexus devices are recommended to install the powerful multifunctional Nexus Root Toolkit (NRT) on their computers. The program allows you to carry out a lot of manipulations with any model from the family in question, it is successfully used to get root, create a backup, unlock the bootloader and completely flashing devices. The use of individual functions of the tool is discussed in the instructions below in the article, and at the stage of preparing for the firmware, we will consider the process of installing the application.

  1. Download the distribution from the official developer resource:

  2. Run the installer "NRT_v2.1.9.sfx.exe".

  3. We indicate the path along which the tool will be installed, and click the button "Install".

  4. In the process of unpacking and transferring the application files, a window will appear where you need to select the model of the device from the list and indicate the version of the firmware installed in it. In the first drop-down list, select "Nexus 7 (Mobile Tablet)", and in the second "NAKASIG-TILAPIA: Android *. *. * - Any Build" and then click "Apply".

  5. The next window prompts you to connect a tablet with the included "USB debugging" to the PC. We follow the instructions of the application and click "OK".

  6. After completing the previous step, the NRT installation can be considered complete, the tool will start automatically.

Operating modes

To reinstall the system software on any Android device, you will need to launch the device in certain modes. For Nexus 7 is "FASTBOOT" and "RECOVERY"... In order not to return to this issue in the future, we will figure out how to switch the tablet to these states at the stage of preparation for the firmware.


Backup

Before moving on to the Nexus 7 3G firmware, you should fully realize that all the contents of the device's memory will be destroyed during manipulations that involve reinstalling Android in any way suggested in the article below. Therefore, if during the operation of the tablet, any information of any value to the user has accumulated in it, obtaining a backup copy is definitely a necessity.

The capabilities for archiving information and creating a full backup of the system were introduced by the developer into the aforementioned Nexus Root Toolkit application. Use the tool as a tool to save data from Nexus 7 3G and restore necessary information later it is very simple, and anyone, even a novice user, can figure out how to do this.

It should be noted that for the successful application of some backup methods using NRT, it is required that the tablet be equipped with a modified recovery environment (this component will be discussed below in this article), but, for example, applications with data can be backed up without prior manipulation of the device ... We will create such a copy according to the instructions below in order to understand how the information archiving tools offered by the Root Toolkit developer work.

  1. We connect the device to the USB port of the computer, having previously activated it on the tablet "Debugging by YUSB".

  2. Launch NRT and press the button "Backup" in the main application window.

  3. The window that opens contains several areas, clicking on the buttons in which allows you to archive information different types and in different ways.

    Choosing an option "Backup All App's" by clicking on "Create Android Backup File"... Beforehand, you can set marks in checkboxes: "System apps + data" to preserve system applications with data, "Shared data" - to add to backup general application data (such as media files).

  4. The next window contains detailed description the scheduled process and an instruction to enable the mode on the device "In the airplane"... Activating the Nexus 7 3G "Airplane Mode" and press the button "OK".

  5. We indicate to the system the path where the backup file will be located, and also, if desired, indicate a meaningful name for the future backup file. We confirm the choice by clicking "Save", after which the connected machine will automatically reboot.

  6. Next, you should unlock the screen of the device and press "OK" in the NRT request window.

    The program will go into standby mode and the tablet screen will ask you to start a full backup. Here you can specify the password with which the future backup will be encrypted. Then we tap "Back up data" and wait for the end of the archiving procedure.

  7. At the end of the work on saving the information to the backup file, the Nexus Root Toolkit shows a window confirming the success of the operation "Backup complete!".

Unlocking the bootloader

The entire family of Nexus Android devices is characterized by the ability to officially unlock the bootloader (bootloader), because these devices are considered reference for the development of mobile OS. For the user of the device in question, the unlock makes it possible to install custom recovery and modified system software, as well as get root rights on the device, that is, to make it possible to implement the main goals of most of the device owners today. Unlocking is very quick and easy using Fastboot.

All data contained in the device's memory will be destroyed during the unlocking process, and the Nexus 7 settings will be reset to factory state!

  1. We start the device in the mode "FASTBOOT" and connect it to a PC.
  2. We open the Windows console.

  3. We execute the command to switch to the directory with ADB and Fastboot:
    cd c: \\ adb

  4. We check the correctness of pairing the tablet and the utility by sending a command
    fastboot devices

    As a result, the serial number of the device should be displayed on the command line.

  5. To start the process of unlocking the bootloader, use the command:
    fastboot oem unlock

    Enter the instruction and click "Enter" on keyboard.

  6. We look at the screen of the Nexus 7 3G - a request has appeared about the need to unlock the bootloader, requiring confirmation or cancellation. Choose an item "Yes" using the volume keys and press "Nutrition".

  7. A successful unlock is confirmed by the corresponding answer in the window command line,

    and in the future - by the inscription "LOCK STATE - UNLOCKED"displayed on the screen of the device launched in the "FASTBOOT", and also the image of an open lock on the boot screen of the device each time it starts.

If necessary, the device bootloader can be returned to the locked state. To do this, follow steps 1-4 of the unlocking instructions presented above, and then send the command through the console:
fastboot oem lock

Firmware

Depending on the state of the software part of the Nexus 7 3G tablet, as well as on the ultimate goal of the owner, that is, the version of the system installed in the device as a result of the firmware process, the method of manipulation is selected. Below are considered the three most effective methods by which you can install the official system of any version "clean", restore the performance operating system after major software glitches, and finally give your tablet a second life by installing custom firmware.

Method 1: Fastboot

The first method of flashing the device in question is perhaps the most effective and allows you to install the official in the Nexus 7 3G Android any version, regardless of the type and assembly of the system previously installed in the device. And also the instruction offered below allows you to restore the functionality of the software part of those device instances that do not start in normal mode.

As for the packages with firmware, the link below contains all the solutions released for the model, starting with Android 4.2.2 and ending with the latest build - 5.1.1. The user can choose any archive based on their own considerations.

As an example, let's install Android 4.4.4 (KTU84P), since this option, according to user reviews, is the most effective for daily use. Using earlier versions is hardly advisable, and after updating the official system to version 5.0.2 and higher, there is a slight decrease in device performance.

Before starting the manipulations according to the instructions below, ADB and Fastboot must be installed on the system!

  1. Download the archive with the official system and unpack it.

  2. Putting the Nexus 7 3G into mode "FASTBOOT" and connect it to the USB port of the PC.

  3. We follow the instructions for unlocking the bootloader, if the action was not performed earlier.
  4. Run the executable file "Flash-all.bat"located in the directory with the unpacked firmware.

  5. The script will carry out further manipulations automatically, it remains only to observe what is happening in the console window and not interrupt the process with any actions.


    Messages appearing in the command line characterize what is happening at each moment of time, as well as the results of operations to overwrite a particular area of \u200b\u200bmemory.

  6. When the transfer of images to all partitions is complete, the console displays "Press any key to exit ...".

    Press any key on the keyboard, as a result of which the command prompt window will be closed, and the tablet will automatically reboot.

  7. We are waiting for the initialization of the components of the reinstalled Android and the appearance of the welcome screen with the choice of language.

  8. After specifying the main parameters of the OS

    Nexus 7 3G is ready for use with the firmware of the selected version!

Method 2: Nexus Root Toolkit

Those users for whom the use of Windows applications for memory operations on Android devices seems more preferable than the use of console utilities, can take advantage of the capabilities provided by the multifunctional Nexus Root Toolkit mentioned above. The application provides the function of installing the official version of the OS, including the model in question.

As a result of the program's operation, we get practically the same result as when using the above-described method via Fastboot - the device is out of the box in terms of software, but with an unlocked bootloader. And also NRT can be used to "strip" Nexus 7 devices in simple cases.

  1. Launch Root Toolkit. To install the firmware you need an application section Restore / Upgrade / Downgrade.

  2. Installing the switch "Сurrent status:" to the position corresponding to the current state of the device:
    • "Soft-Bricked / Bootloop" - for tablets that do not load on Android;
    • "Device is on / Normal" - for device instances in general functioning normally.

  3. Putting the Nexus 7 into mode "FASTBOOT" and connect it with a cable to the USB connector of the PC.

  4. For unlocked devices, we skip this step! If the device bootloader has not been unlocked earlier, do the following:
  5. We start installing the OS into the device. Click on the button "Flash Stock + Unroot".

  6. Confirm with the button "OK" request of the program about readiness to start the procedure.

  7. Next window "Which factory image?" is used to select the version and download the firmware files. At the time of this writing, only the latest version of the system for Nexus 7 3G - Android 5.1.1 assembly LMY47V was automatically downloaded through the program, the corresponding item must be selected from the drop-down list.

    Field switch "Choice" of the described window must be set to position "Automatically download + extract the factory image selected above for me." After specifying the parameters, press the button "OK"... The package with the system software files will start downloading, we are waiting for the download to complete, and then unpacking and checking the components.

  8. After confirming another request - "Flash Stock - Confirmation"

    the installation script will be launched and the Nexus 7 memory partitions will be automatically overwritten.

  9. We are waiting for the end of the manipulations - the appearance of a window with information on how the tablet will start after reinstalling Android, and press "OK".

  10. Next, a proposal is displayed to update the record in the NRT about the system version installed in the device interfaced with the utility. Here we also click "OK".

  11. The device, after completing the previous steps of the instructions, reboots into the OS automatically, you can disconnect it from the PC and close the NexusRootToolkit windows.
  12. The bootleg at the first start after the above operations can be displayed for up to 20 minutes, do not interrupt the initialization process. You need to wait until the first screen of the installed OS appears, containing a list of available interface languages. Next, we define the main parameters of Android.

  13. After the initial setup of Android, the device is considered completely flashed

    and ready for use, running the latest version of the official system software.

Installing any version of the official OS via NRT

If a latest version official Android on the device is not the result that is required from NRT, we should not forget that using the tool, you can install any assembly proposed by its creators into the device. To do this, you first have to download the desired package from the official Google Developers resource. Full system images from the developer are available here:

We choose the package carefully! The software download for the model in question should be carried out from the section entitled by the identifier "Nakasig"!

  1. Download the zip file from the OS of the required version from the link above and, without unpacking, put it in a separate directory, remember the location path.

  2. We follow the instructions for installing Android via NRT, suggested above. The steps for installing the package contained on the PC disk are almost identical to the above recommendations.

    Exception - point 7. At this stage in the window "Which factory image?" do the following:


  3. We are waiting for the completion of the installation

    and reboot the tablet.

Method 3: Custom (modified) OS

After the user of Google Nexus 7 3G has studied the methods of installing the official system in the device and mastered the tools to restore the device's performance in critical situations, he can proceed to installing the modified systems in the tablet. A large number of custom firmwares for the model in question have been released, because the device was initially positioned as a reference for the development of mobile operating systems.

Almost all modified versions of Android designed for a tablet are installed the same way. The process is implemented in two stages: equipping the tablet with a custom recovery environment with advanced capabilities, and then installing an operating system from third-party developers using the recovery functionality.